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| === Project Documents === | | === Collected Research === |
| | *[[EPD Paper, April 2007]] |
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| *[http://www.esoterum.org/mw/images/0/0f/CSE561_Modeling-Simulation_Preliminary_Report.doc CSE561 Modeling and Simulation Project Preliminary Report (.doc)]
| | === Display Drivers === |
| *[http://www.esoterum.org/mw/images/8/8a/Electrophoretic_Display_Power.ppt Project Slides presented on 5 March 2007 (.ppt)]
| | *[http://www.intelligraphics.com/articles/wincedrivers_article.html Introduction to Writing Windows CE Display Drivers, Intelligraphics] |
| *[http://www.esoterum.org/mw/images/8/88/Bi-stable_electrophoretic_display_power_07_03_04.doc Project document as of 5 March 2007 (.doc)]
| | ::-Background on display drivers in general |
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| === Paper Search ===
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| [http://portal.acm.org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/results.cfm?query=lcd%20power%20model&querydisp=lcd%20power%20model&start=1&srt=score%20dsc&short=0&parser=Internet&source_parser=Internet&source_disp=&source_query=&coll=portal&dl=ACM&CFID=10949569&CFTOKEN=52685087 "LCD power model" search on ACM]
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| = Display Technologies = | |
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| == General == | |
| *> [http://www.qualcomm.com/technology/imod/media/pdf/Competitive_Display_Technologies_WP.pdf Qualcomm report on competitive modern display technologies] | |
| *[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/5/21635/01002528.pdf Display Technologies for Portable Communication Devices, 2002]
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| === Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD) ===
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| *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)]
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| *> [http://www.ausairpower.net/OSR-0398.html LCD background]
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| *> [http://www.plasma.com/classroom/what_is_tft_lcd.htm Thin Film Transistor (TFT LCD) Overview (plasma.com)]
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| *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TFT_LCD TFT on Wikipedia]
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| *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active-matrix_liquid_crystal_display Active Matrix LCD]
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| == [[Flexible Displays]] ==
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| === Electrophroetic Displays (EPD) ===
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| *[http://www.trnmag.com/Stories/052301/Prototype_shows_electronic_paper_potential_052301.html Electronic paper prototype]
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| *[http://people.ccmr.cornell.edu/~cober/mse542/page2/files/Herz%20Electrophoretics.pdf Electrophoretic technology]
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| *(1.21) [http://www.nature.com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/nature/journal/v394/n6690/pdf/394253a0.pdf Comiskey, Albert, Yoshizawa, Jacobson, ''An electrophoretic ink for all-printed reflective electronic displays, Nature 394, 253-255 (16 July 1998)'']
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| *(1.12) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/16/31765/01479030.pdf?isnumber=&arnumber=1479030 Dalisa, ''Electrophoretic Display Technology'', IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. ED-24, No. 7, July 1977]
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| ::Some current characterization for electrophoretic suspension fluid.
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| *(1.13) [http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6961047.html?s_id=aba086fbe18bd4b479de3ea8bf14df48 ''Katase, Method and circuit for driving electrophoretic display, electrophoretic display and electronic device using same'', U.S. Patent 6961047, 2005]
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| *(1.14) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/iel5/16/31792/01480144.pdf?tp=&arnumber=1480144&isnumber=31792 Hopper, Novotny, ''An Electrophoretic Display, Its Properties, Model, and Addressing'', IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, VOL. ED-26, No. 8, August 1979]
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| ::Addressing. With a display thickness of 50micrometer and an average dielectric constant of 5.0, the capacitance per element would be ~0.055 pF.
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| *(1.15) [http://escher.elis.rug.ac.be/publ/Edocs/DOC/P103_126.pdf Neyts, Beunis, Schlangen, ''A 1-Dimensional Simulation Tool for Electophoretic Displays'', Fourth FTW PhD Symposium, Ghent University, 2003]
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| *(1.17) [http://people.ccmr.cornell.edu/~cober/mse542/page2/files/Herz%20Electrophoretics.pdf Herz, ''Electrophoretic Display technology: The beginnings, the improvements, and a future in flexible electronics'', May 19, 2006]
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| *(1.19) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/iel5/9370/29754/01356551.pdf?tp=&arnumber=1356551&isnumber=29754 Takao, Miyasaka, Kawai, Hara, Miyazaki, Kodaira, Tam*, Inoue, Shimoda, ''Flexible Semiconductor Devices: Fingerprint Sensor and Electrophoretic Display on Plastic'', IEEE, 2004]
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| ::EPD driver information and pixel level model
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| ::Section 3. To compensate for the leakage current, the storage capacitor must be very large; here, the capacitance is 34 pF. A '''polysilicon TFT''' is preferable to an amorphous silicon TFT for the switching transistor, because the large capacitor must be charged during the short pixel selection period.
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| *(1.20) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/iel5/16/22079/01027833.pdf?tp=&arnumber=1027833&isnumber=22079 Inoue, Kawai, Kanbe, Saeki, Shimoda, ''High-Resolution Microencapsulated Electrophoretic Display (EPD) Driven by Poly-Si TFTs With Four-Level Grayscale'', IEEE Transactions, August 2002]
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| ::EPD driven to produce greyscale
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| ::I. ...we have reported the world's first active-matrix EPD at an international electron device meeting (IEDM 2000)[12]. Since then, a few displays combining TFTs and microencapsulated electrophoretic materials have also been introduced [13]-[16].
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| ::I. Microencapsulated electrophoretic material in this EPD was driven by '''poly-Si TFTs''' fabricated with a low temperature process...
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| *(1.22) [http://www.springerlink.com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/content/60m7141x33768100/fulltext.pdf Kim, Lee, Park, Sung, Chin, Choi, Lee, ''Synthesis and characteristics of microcapsules containing electrophoretic particle suspensions'', Springer-Verlag, 11 January 2006]
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| *[http://www.springerlink.com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/content/t7n52018550617k8/fulltext.pdf Tokiwa, Imamura, ''Electrophoretic Mobility Studies of Colloidal Particles in Aqueous Solutions of Various Phosphates'', Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, June 1969]
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| *(1.23) [http://escher.elis.ugent.be/publ/Edocs/DOC/P106_015.pdf Bert, Smet, Beunis, Neyts, ''Complete electrical and optical simulation of electronic paper'', Science Direct, 13 October 2005]
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| *(1.24) [http://escher.elis.ugent.be/publ/Edocs/DOC/P105_173.pdf Strubbe, ''Determination of the valency of pigment particles in electrophoretic ink'', Ghent University, 30 November 2005]
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| ==== Colloidal suspension physics ====
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| *[http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/c123/liquid.html Poise and viscosity, units of viscosity]
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| === Reflective Cholesteric Displays (ChLCDs) ===
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| *[http://www.kentdisplays.com/tech/papers.htm List of papers on ChLCD from Kent Displays]
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| === Electro-wetting displays ===
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| *[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v425/n6956/full/nature01988.html;jsessionid=0CE032D8CA3F256C77384106AF8B5FEF Hayes and Feenstra, ''Video-speed electronic paper based on electrowetting'', ''Nature'' 425, 383-385, 25 September 2003]
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| === Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) ===
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| = Display Power =
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| *(1.1) [http://atrak.usc.edu/~massoud/Papers/CBCS-date04.pdf Pedram, Cheng, Hou, ''Power Minimization in a Backlit TFT-LCD Display by Concurrent Brightness and Contrast Scaling'', 2004]
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| ::LCD greyscale single pixel power consumption formula
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| :*[10] [http://www.beyondinfinite.com/lcd/Library/LG-Philips/LP064V1.pdf LG Phillips, LP064V1 LCD specifications (640x480px, 0.9W-1.54W)] | |
| :*[13](1.2) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/iel1/16/10174/00477590.pdf?tp=&arnumber=477590&isnumber=10174 (13) Aoki, ''Dynamic Characterization of a-Si TFT-LCD Pixels'']
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| :*(apparently related) [http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6TY5-4BRKV2Y-6-48&_cdi=5609&_user=56861&_orig=search&_coverDate=05%2F31%2F2004&_sk=999519994&view=c&wchp=dGLzVzz-zSkWA&md5=39e03ee80100e3c4f593206d4f54505b&ie=/sdarticle.pdf Simrata, Subhasis, Gupta, Gate ''capacitance characteristics of a poly-Si thin film transistor'']
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| *(1.6) [http://delivery.acm.org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/10.1145/1150000/1147064/p604-iranli.pdf?key1=1147064&key2=4296552711&coll=portal&dl=ACM&CFID=10949569&CFTOKEN=52685087 Iranli, Lee, Pedram, ''Backlight Dimming in Power-Aware Mobile Displays'', 2006]
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| *(1.4) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/iel5/11109/35624/01688869.pdf?tp=&arnumber=1688869&isnumber=35624 Cheng, Chao, ''Minimization for LED-backlit TFT-LCDs'', 2006]
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| ::Addresses independant scaling of three color LED backlights based on image histogram
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| *(1.8) [http://delivery.acm.org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/10.1145/1070000/1065741/p612-iranli.pdf?key1=1065741&key2=9956552711&coll=portal&dl=ACM&CFID=10949569&CFTOKEN=52685087 Iranli, Pedram, DTM: Dynamic Tone ''Mapping for Backlight Scaling'', June 2005]
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| *(1.5) [http://delivery.acm.org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/10.1145/590000/581664/p218-gatti.pdf?key1=581664&key2=6805642711&coll=portal&dl=ACM&CFID=10949569&CFTOKEN=52685087 Gatti, Acquaviva, Benini, Ricco’, ''Low Power Control Techniques For TFT LCD Displays'', CASES, October 2002]
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| *(1.3) [http://delivery.acm.org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/10.1145/290000/280881/p173-benini.pdf?key1=280881&key2=5196552711&coll=portal&dl=ACM&CFID=10949569&CFTOKEN=52685087 Benini, Hodgson, Siegel, ''System-level Power Estimation And Optimization'', August 1998]
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| *(1.7) [http://delivery.acm.org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/10.1145/960000/951742/p232-zhong.pdf?key1=951742&key2=9737552711&coll=portal&dl=ACM&CFID=10949569&CFTOKEN=52685087 Zhong, Jha, ''Graphical User Interface Energy Characterization for Handheld Computers'', October 2003]
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| ::3.1: Whenever there is a screen change, the processor generates new data for the changing screen pixels and stores them into the framebuffer. This implies a higher energy consumption with increased temportal changes in the screen. Meanwhile, to maintain a screen on the LCD, the LCDC must sequentially read screen data from the frame-buffer and refresh the LCD pixels even when there is no screen change.
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| ::3.1: The display itself consists of several parts: LCD power circuitry, a front light, and an LCD. The LCDs used in the systems we studied are color active thin film transistor (TFT) LCDs. In such LCDs, each pixel has three comonents: R, G and B, signifying red, green and blue, respectively. Liquid crystals for each component are independently oriented by two polarizers, which are connected to a storage capacitor. The capacitor is in turn charged and discharged through a TFT to accommodate screen changes. Moreover, the capacitor must be refreshed at a high rate to maintain an appropriate voltage across the polarizers so that the corresponding liquid crystals remain properly oriented.
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| *(1.9) [http://www.kudurshian.net/projects/kudurshian1.pdf Kudurshian, ''Techniques in Decreasing Power Consumption for Handheld Displays'', 2002]
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| *(1.10) [http://delivery.acm.org/10.1145/570000/566440/p112-choi.pdf?key1=566440&key2=9119872711&coll=GUIDE&dl=GUIDE&CFID=15758537&CFTOKEN=10586811 Choi, Shim, Chang, ''Low-Power Color TFT LCD Display for Hand-Held Embedded Systems'', 2002]
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| *(1.11) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/iel5/16/31855/01482355.pdf?tp=&arnumber=1482355&isnumber=31855 Marks, ''Power Consumption in Multiplexed Liquid-Crystal Displays'', IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. ED-29, No. 8, August 1982]
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| *(1.16) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/iel5/16/34442/01643488.pdf?tp=&arnumber=1643488&isnumber=34442 Ruckmongathan, Govind, Deepak, ''Reducing Power Consumption in Liquid-Crystal Displays'', 2006]
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| *(1.18) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/16/26455/01177976.pdf Aerts, Verlaak, Heremans, ''Design of an Organic Pixel Addressing Circuit for an Active-Matrix OLED Display'', 2002]
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| *[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/iel3/4251/12029/00553140.pdf?tp=&arnumber=553140&isnumber=12029 Chung, Chen, Cheng, Yeh, A Physically-Based Built-in Spice Poly-Si TF" Model for Circuit Simulation and Reliability Evaluation, IEEE 1996]
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| *[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/iel5/16/27160/01206898.pdf?tp=&arnumber=1206898&isnumber=27160 Jagar, Cheng, Zhang, Wang, Poon, Kok, Chan, ''A SPICE Model for Thin-Film Transistors Fabricated on Grain-Enhanced Polysilicon Film'']
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| == Active Matrix (Thin Film Transistor, TFT) ==
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| *[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/2220/29452/01335004.pdf?arnumber=1335004 Guo, Silva, ''Circuit simulation of current-modulated field emission display pixel driver based on carbon nanotubes'', Electronics Letters, September 2nd, 2004]
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| *[http://www.ece.uci.edu/docs/hspice/hspice_2001_2-180.html MOS16(2.0) poly-Si TFT model AIM-SPICE, HSPICE]
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| == Display Drivers ==
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| *[http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms918695.aspx Display Buffer Formats, MSDN Library]
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| *[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/iel5/6780/18154/00839743.pdf?tp=&arnumber=839743&isnumber=18154 Y. Nakajima, N. Goto, H. Kataoka, T. Maekawa, ''A 3.8inch QVGA Reflective Color LCD with Integrated 3b DAC Driver'', IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, 2000]
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| = Image Quality =
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| *[http://www.cns.nyu.edu/~zwang/files/papers/quality_2c.pdf Universal Image Quality Index]
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| *[http://www.cns.nyu.edu/~lcv/ssim/ The Structureal Similarity (SSIM) Index for Image Quality Assessment]
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| *[http://www.compression.ru/video/quality_measure/vqmt_download_en.html#start MSU image quality software tool from Russian developer]
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| <code>Last printed: '''1.24'''</code>
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